The Four Types of Parenting Styles Essay - 888 Words

With over three hundred million Americans and over six billion people worldwide parenting skills are essential to maintain a healthy society. Parenting involves many aspects and requires many skills. It is a time to nurture, instruct, and correct to develop fundamental skills children will need to be mature, responsible, and contributing adults to a society. There are four commonly identified parenting styles; authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, and uninvolved parenting. Of the four parenting styles, two remain on opposite ends of the parenting spectrum. These two styles; authoritarian, and permissive both have deleterious results that are often visible throughout different developmental stages, such as rebellious behavior. As well†¦show more content†¦Failure to demonstrate manners and thereby failing to demonstrate respect is often dealt with by strict disciplinary action. Unlike the authoritarian style of parenting, the permissive style does not place such great emp hasis on adherence to manners. Manners may be encouraged but are not viewed as a sign of a child’s obedience. Permissive parents allow and often even encourage casual verbiage rather than formal conversations with their child. Failure to hold the door for the next person or giving up a seat to a woman or elderly is seldom noticed or mentioned. Permissive parents fail to enforce some of the simplest expressions of manners. Correction and punishment is seldom given to a child for lack of manners. According to WWW.Consistent-parenting-advice.com children of permissive parents control their own behavior and to make their own decision. From infancy to adult, people are making decisions all day long. How long to study for the upcoming test? What sport to play? What college to attend? As ch oices are made, often goals are set to ensure maximum potential is achieved. This process of decision-making and goal setting is overbearing shadowed by the authoritarian style of parenting.Show MoreRelatedThe Four Basic Types Of Parenting Styles881 Words   |  4 PagesThe four basic types of parenting styles include neglectful, permissive, authoritative, and authoritarian. Ideally, most parents should aim to be authoritative, meaning they should aim to posses essential qualities in their kind of parenting, such as being flexible with their children, being supportive, and democratic. Authoritative parents should also be assertive, set boundaries, and have high standards for their children as well. Even though being an authoritative parent best possible way to raiseRead MoreThe Four Basic Types Of Parenting Styles1337 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to Arnett’s book on human development, the four basic types of parenting styles that exist are categorized as neglectful, permi ssive, authoritative, and authoritarian. Ideally, according to Arnett’s findings, most parents should aim to be authoritative parents, meaning they should aim to posses essential qualities in order to ensure successful communication with their child. Authoritative parents are described as flexible with their children, supportive, and democratic. However, they shouldRead MoreParenting: Diana Baumrind Theory648 Words   |  3 Pagescruel a parent can be with their kids. Many dont take the time to see how a parent is truly. Most parents dont realize how their parenting methods affect their childs development. Most parents dont realize how bad or good of a parent they are. Many of them dont see that their kids imitate the methods they use to discipline their kids. In fact there are many types of different beliefs of parents. But there are certain people who observe the children’s behavior. Because sometimes people can noticeRead MoreTiger Parenting Article Analysis747 W ords   |  3 PagesChinese parenting. The difference between Western and Chinese parenting is the expectation of the children are different. The Western parents allow their children more freedom then the Chinese parents. In this article, the idea of Tiger Parenting is used. Tiger parents is parenting style that controls what the kids are doing. Susan Adams wrote an article entitled â€Å"Tiger Moms Don’t Raise Superior Kids, Says New Study.† Adams’ thesis is that she wants you to know that there are different types of parentingRead MoreImportance Of Parenting Essay1519 Words   |  7 PagesThe Importance of Parenting Styles There are many different types of parenting styles in the world today. The way one chooses to raise their children, can play a very big role in a child’s behavior and success within the future. In 1967, a woman named Diana Baumrind contributed to the knowledge in socioemotional development by studying and researching parenting styles. She originally stated that there are four types of parenting styles; authoritarian, authoritative, permissive and neglectful. EachRead MoreHow Parenting Styles Affect Childhood Development1139 Words   |  5 Pages How Different Parenting Styles Affect Childhood Development Parenting is one of the most challenging yet rewarding experiences in an adult’s life. Parents can greatly affect their children’s behavior and development. Children are like sponges, they soak up everything they see a parent do and model what they see into their own lives and actions. It is important that parents are good examples and set high standards for their children. Negative examples can be harmful to a child’s development andRead More Parenting Style of the Watsons Essay1711 Words   |  7 Pages Parenting styles are very important in influencing children’s behavior, and the styles form the context in which children’s behavior might occur (Fox para. 2). There are four different types of parenting styles. These styles, developed by child psychologist Diana Baumrind, who provides a majority of the information found in the book Understanding Children and Adolescents,include authoritative, permissive, authoritarian, and neglectful/uninvolved (Forsyth 376). In the extremely funny children’sRead MoreParenting Styles And Their Effects On Children1572 Words   |  7 PagesParenting Styles and Their Effects on Children Parents play a key role in their children’s lives, including supervision, involvement, love, support, comfort, and a wide variety of discipline and punishment. The relationship between parenting styles and child is vital and impacts the child’s physical, mental, and emotional well-being. Parenting involves two dimensions, demandingness and responsiveness sometimes referred to as control and warmth. With the use of these dimensions four parenting stylesRead MoreDifferent Parenting Styles, Authoritative, Authoritarian, Permissive, And Uninvolved Essay1538 Words   |  7 PagesThis essay explores the four different types of parenting styles, authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and uninvolved. The exploration of each parenting style is examined, and the outcomes of each parenting style for the child is learned. Each parenting style has positives and negatives, but overall this essay informs the reader about which parenting style is best linked to success in their child’s education. Information for this essay has been gathered from three sources, the sources beingRead MoreThe Parenting Styles Authoritative, Authoritarian, And Permissive Essay1297 Words   |  6 Pagesparent your children? What is your parenting style? Experts have identified four major parenting types: Permissive, Authoritarian, Uninvolved, and Authoritative. Diana Baumrind (1966) was the one to identify three of the parenting styles Authoritative, Authoritarian, and Permissive. Martin and Maccoby (1983) expanded on Baumrind’s parenting styles and added the Uninvolved style. Which style of parenting do you think you fall into? Frist, Authoritative Parenting is considered the most successful

School Uniforms Make a Better Learning Environment Essay

School Uniforms Make a Better Learning Environment In recent years the face of public schools has changed drastically. Our schools were always intended to be a place where the students could go and learn in a safe and secure environment. Unfortunately for us, the times have changed; discipline, safety and security in our public schools have all fallen by the wayside. Today, our children are faced with the growing threat of violence and crime in their classrooms. In aspirations of bringing back the essential requirements for education in the classroom numerous parents, teachers, and school officials have come to conclusion that requiring school uniforms is a clear-cut step in reversing the downward trend of our schools. The†¦show more content†¦The increase in school security could be seen instantaneously since the school administration and teachers would be able to identify, by sight, who is and who is not supposed to be permitted on campus. Subsequently by implementing the mandatory wearing of school uniforms, th e chances of having intruders wander into school would be significantly diminished. We also have to look at the possible ways school uniforms could improve the students learning environment and also allow students to concentrate on their need for academic success while in school. The requirement of school uniforms contribute to eliminating the apparent student fashion barriers that are present when some students cant meet the expense of keeping up with the Joneses. This could come about because uniforms contribute in eliminating the socioeconomic line found throughout the student population. By doing so, the students would be more fairly judged by their peers and teachers alike on their scholastic abilities and personalities instead of by the designer clothes they wear. They can also help bring an end to the conflict between parent and child as to what is appropriate to wear to school. The opponents of school uniforms will state that school uniforms will restrict an individuals choice of self-expression. They will furthermore imply that school uniforms dont take intoShow MoreRelatedSchool Uniforms And The School Uniform Policy964 Words   |  4 Pagesalike want safe and respectful learning-oriented schools for their children. In 1996, President Bill Clinton challenged schools that â€Å" †¦ if it means that teenagers will stop killing each other over designer jackets, then our public schools should be able to require their students to wear school uniforms.† (Boutelle 36). As a result, the Manual on School Uniforms was issued by the government to provide guidelines for those considering establishing a school uniform policy. Ever since, proponentsRead MoreShould School Uniforms Be Mandated?944 Words   |  4 PagesShould School Uniforms Be Mandated in Public Schools? Educators and parents, alike, want safe, respectful learning-oriented schools for their children. In 1996, President Bill Clinton challenged schools â€Å"to teach character education, †¦ And if it means that teenagers will stop killing each other over designer jackets, then our public schools should be able to require their students to wear school uniforms.† (Boutelle 36). As a result, the Manual on School Uniforms was issued by the government toRead MoreSchool Uniforms1506 Words   |  7 PagesSchool Uniforms Help Students Make the Grade On February 24 of 1996 when President Bill Clinton made a speech at the Jackie Robinson Academy in Long Beach California he stated â€Å"This remarkable progress that you have shown in your school as a result of your school uniform policy, making it safe, more disciplined and orderly, creates teachers who focus on teaching and students who focus on their job of learning† (Bily, 2014 p.5). The school dress code debate is not new and the beliefRead More The School Uniform Debate Essay903 Words   |  4 Pagesrequirement of school uniforms in our public schools is a big issue in our community. Among our teachers, parents, and students, everyone has a different opinion. School uniforms will help solve many issues inside and outside our school walls. For the students, uniforms will help eliminate the everyday worries of trying to fit in with other students, parents will not have to deal with the financial stress of buying fashionable and expensive clothes, and teachers will have a better advantage withRead MoreSchool Uniforms Help Improve The Learning Environment979 Words   |  4 PagesDo you know someone who wear a school uniform? Did you wear a uniform when you were in school? Have you felt uncomfortable because of wearing a uniform? There are many problems that are affecting Duplin County schools, such as bullying. It is an issue that can be prevented if many parents support the idea that school uniforms help to improve the learning environment. Using a school uniform may help students to understand that everyone is equal, and no one is better or less if they wear or not brandRead MoreSchool Uniform Policies Within School Systems Essay1474 Words   |  6 Pagesdebate over the implementation of school uniform policies in school systems has been seen widely across the United States The decision of uniforms being implanted in school systems is based off the state or the individual schools policy. The school either can make uniforms mandatory or voluntary. Schools have policies that convey the expectation of acceptable appearance, such as going to school in a properly dressed manner. In 1996 the percent of schools that had uniforms was 3%. As a result of this lowRead MoreMoving Towards Motivation. School. Once A Word Meaning1100 Words   |  5 PagesMoving Towards Motivation School. Once a word meaning a place of learning and academic achievement, the word has since devolved to be representative of a place about as enjoyable as a prison. Although schools claim to be preparing the younger generation for the future, actual students tell a completely different story. Even in schools that supposedly excel academically, students remain highly unmotivated, often claiming they take classes due to reasons such as â€Å"my parents made me† or â€Å"it looks goodRead MoreSchool Uniforms1566 Words   |  7 Pagesfor School Uniforms A safe and structured learning environment is the first requirement of a good school. Children who feel safe and secure will better learn basic American values. In return they will learn the basis of good citizenship and become better students. In response to growing levels of violence in our schools, many parents, teachers, and school officials have been forced to look toward school uniforms as one potentially positive way to reduce discipline problems and increase school safetyRead MoreShould School Uniforms Be Mandatory?918 Words   |  4 PagesShould schools have the right to make uniforms mandatory for their students? Some people don’t think so and they argue against the civil liberties that such a mandate would violate. While the opposing opposition thinks that school uniforms belong in the school system, in order to help reduce some of the issues students may face because of their clothes. Although school uniforms for students may have many negative effects, school uni forms may help with reducing the amount of distractions, thereforeRead MoreSchool Uniforms Should Be Made Mandatory Throughout Academic Environments1200 Words   |  5 Pagesnegative connotation. In the academic environment, uniformity can allow for a child’s learning experience to increase tenfold. This does not refer to uniformity of the mind, but rather uniformity of the student’s attire. School uniforms should be made mandatory throughout academic environments due to the benefits they produce, such as reducing competition among students, allowing for a more structured learning environment, as well as creating a safer environment for students. As a young student

Differences among Korea, India, and China Free Essays

Korea, China and India are the countries that have historical backgrounds that make each of them renowned all over the world. These countries have unique attributes that make them stand out to the whole world.  Korea is a divided country of eastern Asia. We will write a custom essay sample on Differences among Korea, India, and China or any similar topic only for you Order Now It occupies a peninsula, about 450 miles in length, between the Sea of Japan and the Yellow Sea. China and a tip of the Soviet Union border Korea on the north. The nearest Japanese islands are about 30 miles away, in the Korea Strait. Since 1945, Korea has been divided into two political units—the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (North Korea) and the Republic of Korea (South Korea). They are separated by a demilitarized zone, about 2  ½ miles in width, along the armistice line established in 1953 at the close of the Korea War. The total area (including the demilitarized zone) is 85,049 square miles. North Korea occupies 46,540 square miles and South Korea 38,025 square miles. Virtually all the inhabitants of the peninsula are Koreans. They are a Mongoloid people, who apparently migrated in prehistoric times from what is now Manchuria. The Korean language is believed to be unrelated to any known tongue. There is, however, a strong infusion of Chinese words in the vocabulary. A phonetic alphabet—originally 28, now 24 letters—has been in use since 1443. In South Korea offer a free education and compulsory through six years of primary school, which begins at age six. It is followed by three years of middle school and then three years of high school (Choi, 2003). The chief institution of higher learning is Seoul National University. In North Korea, education is free and compulsory through five years of primary school (which begins at age six), four years of middle school, and two years of high school. The major institution of higher learning is Kim II Sung University at Pyongyang. Technical education and the teaching of Communist ideology are stressed in North Korean education. On the other hand, India or Republic of India is a country in southern Asia and a member of the British Commonwealth of Nations. India is an English word derived from the Sanskrit sindhu, which means river and was originally applied to the part of the Indus River now in Pakistan. In Hindi, the official national language established by the Indian constitution, the nation is called Bharat. India has more than 800 languages and dialects. The constitution declares Hindi the national language, but English is also an official language in government and is widely used. The constitution establishes for use in government 14 other major languages. In addition, education is primarily the responsibility of the state governments. The union, or central, government coordinates facilities and standards in the states, administer education in the union territories, and controls four universities and certain special schools (Brown, 2005). While China or the People’s Republic of China is a country in eastern in eastern Asia. It is sometimes called Communist China or Mainland China to distinguish it from the Republic of China to distinguish it from the Republic of China, or Nationalist China, situated on the offshore island of Taiwan (Formosa). Both governments claim to be the rightful rulers of all China, but the Communists have been in firm control of the mainland since 1949 and since 1971 have been recognized by the United Nations as the legal rulers. Chinese, a Sino-Tibetan language, is spoken by most of the people in China. There are a large number of dialects, the chief being Cantonese, Fukienese, and Wu. The official language is the Mandarin dialect, officially called putonghua (common speech), which is understood by about 70 percent of people. Other languages include Tibetan, spoken in Tibet and parts of China Proper; Turkic, in Sinkiang; Mongol, in Inner Mongolia; and Thai, in parts of southern China (Barnett, 2006). With regards to its educational system, elementary education, depending on the program being pursued, lasts five or six years. Lower secondary education lasts three years; upper secondary education, depending upon the school, two or three years. China has an extensive adult-educational program, particularly to teach literacy. About one-fourth of the population is illiterate. Reference: Barnett, A.D. (2006). Modernizing China: Post-Mao Reform and Development (Westview Press). Brown, J.M. (2005). Modern India: the Origins of an Asian Democracy (Oxford University). Choi, Woonsang (2003). Korea: a Chronology and fact Book (Oceana). How to cite Differences among Korea, India, and China, Essay examples

Appreciating the Diversity of Others Essay Example For Students

Appreciating the Diversity of Others Essay When I am beginning to learn to appreciate the diversity and varieties of others, I must first examine my own self not only as a learner but also as a whole culturally. There are a lot of different influences that factor into and contribute into how my cultural identity was shaped. The culture of my â€Å"home† is a big part of what has shaped me into the person I am today, although there are many other factors that I will discuss later on. All of these things that will be discussed is what helped shape me into myself culturally and will help me learn about the diversity of others. First I must begin by describing and depicting my neighborhood that I grew up in, Black Creek, and now live in, Southbridge. Seeing that I still live with my mom, both the neighborhoods that I grew up in and now live in are very similar to each other. Describing them both together as one and rarely separating them into groups would be the most ideal thing to do. Growing up and while I was living in Black Creek, I had neighbors that were homosexuals. They were the nicest and most humble women you would have ever met and would do anything for anyone. The two women have a son they had adopted that was a few years younger than myself. Growing up I had a good perspective on situations like that, where as some people may not have. Though it may not be â€Å"right,† that does not make them bad people. Though it is not what this culture is used to, it does not mean that it is not happening and they are not good people. My family was never judgmental toward them for their sexual preference and different lifestyles, and they turned out to be the best neighbors that we have ever had! To my family and I whether or not they were gay did not matter. It was the fact that no matter what, they were true to us as friends. Though we had great neighbors, there was also those that were a little on the eccentric side. There was a family of three that moved in across the street from me growing up. They had a son that was also a couple of years younger than me and I got invited to come over and â€Å"play† by his mother. They were from Michigan so they dressed a little different and talked a little funnier than all of my other neighbors. I was not used to what we now call â€Å"Northerners† being down south. They did things a lot differently than we did. They ate differently, decorated differently, and even had different toys. But I was branching out and learning to get along with others from different cultures and different people. When we moved to Southbridge, we received new neighbors and they were also from up north. This past experience helped me get through this new one when meeting the new family next door. In both my neighborhoods that I lived and live in now, the houses and cars are somewhat the same. They are all around two story houses with your typical neighborhood feel and backyard. They sit close together and are characteristic of your middle class neighborhood houses. The cars you would see would sometimes range. Seeing that my old neighborhood was more in the country, you see more pick up trucks with â€Å"big tires† and â€Å"squeaky clean. † But in my neighborhood now you see more cars and SUV type cars because we are closer to the city. Funny how things change the farther away from Savannah you get. Black Creek and Southbridge are both neighborhoods with golf clubs. Therefore, the main activity that was encouraged in both was golfing. .u7a3a2a4a3613923740e6634d99d84cff , .u7a3a2a4a3613923740e6634d99d84cff .postImageUrl , .u7a3a2a4a3613923740e6634d99d84cff .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7a3a2a4a3613923740e6634d99d84cff , .u7a3a2a4a3613923740e6634d99d84cff:hover , .u7a3a2a4a3613923740e6634d99d84cff:visited , .u7a3a2a4a3613923740e6634d99d84cff:active { border:0!important; } .u7a3a2a4a3613923740e6634d99d84cff .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7a3a2a4a3613923740e6634d99d84cff { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7a3a2a4a3613923740e6634d99d84cff:active , .u7a3a2a4a3613923740e6634d99d84cff:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7a3a2a4a3613923740e6634d99d84cff .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7a3a2a4a3613923740e6634d99d84cff .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7a3a2a4a3613923740e6634d99d84cff .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7a3a2a4a3613923740e6634d99d84cff .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7a3a2a4a3613923740e6634d99d84cff:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7a3a2a4a3613923740e6634d99d84cff .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7a3a2a4a3613923740e6634d99d84cff .u7a3a2a4a3613923740e6634d99d84cff-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7a3a2a4a3613923740e6634d99d84cff:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Heart of Darkness: The Horror! EssayThough I tried a couple of times growing up, it never stuck with me. But my brother on the other hand, it stuck with him and his friends. He grew up playing golf and enjoyed playing in both neighborhoods we lived in. Riding bikes was also another big activity that we loved to do. We did it every day and every afternoon, but as long as we were finished with our homework, Mom’s orders. Along the same lines, we loved riding the golf cart, until my parents learned the law about driving under the age of 16 being illegal. Let’s just say I did not really drive it much after that. Being outside was the best. Anything we could do outside was the way to go. The best and number one value that was expressed in our community was family. Family always came first. Family means everything. In our community growing up, everyone was family and if you needed something, it was just a phone call away. Someone always had your back. Whenever I think of values in a community, I think of people coming together to support each other in well-being, happiness, and achievement. I think of people reaching across obstacles and getting to know other people who are different from them. I think of people being thoughtful of their neighbors and polite to one another. This is what I remember about my community growing up, and it is much different than the community I am in now. Southbridge’s people do not have the hearts of those and do not consider anyone around them family. They keep to themselves. When growing up there was one main religion that was everywhere. Every church you looked at on every corner you turned was a Baptist church. That is what I grew up as. But moving to Southbridge it was a different story. In Savannah there is a different domination church on every corner that one may choose to attend. This was much different to adjust to for me coming from all Baptist to multiple religions. In both communities education was perceived and valued in a very strong way. The experiences I have had in my neighborhoods have contributed to my cultural understanding of other people. Each experience has given me a different outlook on different situations. It showed me different situation and types of lifestyle events that may occur in my future and has helped me be able to go about dealing with such situations. My life â€Å"around the block† has helped prepare me for understanding the home learning environment of my future students. This is because students learn through past experiences. If I can relate my own past experiences to them, they will be able to better understand and grasp the situation and learning objective of the lesson. How is it fair to teach one something if I cannot relate to it myself? But with that being said, as a teacher I need to be able to not only relate to those students that have experiences like myself, but to all of my students. That is why my life â€Å"around the block† and others experiences can help me to do so. Like I said before, being a teacher I need to be able to relate to all of my students not only on a personal level, but also a cultural level. Therefore my experiences in my life with those I have grown up with, worked with, babysat, etc. who have different cultural contexts than myself will help influence me as a teacher to further my skills in helping educate my students. This is because I can now relate to a variety of students not just a handful. I will use things that helped me learn to teach them, but I will also look at things that may not have helped me learn in order to advance my students as learners. .ubd686ba0a760a6793c913937145dd7c6 , .ubd686ba0a760a6793c913937145dd7c6 .postImageUrl , .ubd686ba0a760a6793c913937145dd7c6 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ubd686ba0a760a6793c913937145dd7c6 , .ubd686ba0a760a6793c913937145dd7c6:hover , .ubd686ba0a760a6793c913937145dd7c6:visited , .ubd686ba0a760a6793c913937145dd7c6:active { border:0!important; } .ubd686ba0a760a6793c913937145dd7c6 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ubd686ba0a760a6793c913937145dd7c6 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ubd686ba0a760a6793c913937145dd7c6:active , .ubd686ba0a760a6793c913937145dd7c6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ubd686ba0a760a6793c913937145dd7c6 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ubd686ba0a760a6793c913937145dd7c6 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ubd686ba0a760a6793c913937145dd7c6 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ubd686ba0a760a6793c913937145dd7c6 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ubd686ba0a760a6793c913937145dd7c6:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ubd686ba0a760a6793c913937145dd7c6 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ubd686ba0a760a6793c913937145dd7c6 .ubd686ba0a760a6793c913937145dd7c6-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ubd686ba0a760a6793c913937145dd7c6:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Social Work Environment EssayI am beginning to learn to appreciate the diversity and varieties of others, and this is because I first examined my own self not only as a learner but also as a whole culturally. There are a lot of different influences that factored into and contributed to how my cultural identity was shaped. The culture of my â€Å"home† is a big part of what has shaped me into the person I am today. All of these things that were discussed is what helped shape me into myself culturally, helped me learn about the diversity of others, and teach my students to the absolute best of my ability in the future.

The French Impact On The American Revolution free essay sample

Essay, Research PaperGallic Impact on the American Revolution Jeremy Black writes in War For America that the Franco-American confederation wholly altered the war for Great Britain in the American Revolution. Merely as it is written in many historical histories of the American Revolution, Black points to Gallic intercession as a cardinal factor in the Rebels # 8217 ; triumph. American kids are taught in grade school that with the triumph at Saratoga came an confederation with France that aided well in the American war attempt. Although this theory has been widely accepted by many historiographers, others may reason that American triumph was inevitable and that France contributed small to the Rebels # 8217 ; cause. Such dissentient positions are augmented by trouble in Franco-American cooperation between generals and the absence of any important triumph until the latter phases of the war. The French did play a important function in the revolution though. Gallic intercession significantly altered British scheme while giving the American settlements a renewed sense of intent and assurance in their battle against Britain. We will write a custom essay sample on The French Impact On The American Revolution or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Read Also:Â  Types of RevolutionThis paper will discourse both sides of the argument and effort to explicate how Gallic intercession allowed the 13 settlements to interrupt away from England. A figure of fortunes existed in the radical battle that gave the American Rebels a distinguishable advantage over the British. These advantages lead some historiographers to believe that the American settlements would hold successfully broken away from England without the assistance of France. During the period between 1775 and 1778, the state of affairs in the American settlements mirrored the United States state of affairs in Vietnam thirty old ages ago. In both instances, an established universe power looked to take control of a developing state that wanted its independency. For the American settlements in the 18th century, the aim of military triumph and independency was clear. Victory for the settlers would intend that the settlers could so regulate themselves. For England the aim was non as clear though. A colonial resignation could go forth England with a disillusioned settlement that already had a anterior record of overthrowing English jurisprudence. The component of fright besides played an of import function throughout the revolution. The fright of licking was much greater for the American Rebels. If the Americans lost the war, their state # 8217 ; s hereafter would hold been erased. Americans # 8217 ; belongings was certain to be affected by the result of the war. On the other manus, with the exclusion of the Bourbons invasion in 1779, the island of England was non threatened throughout the war. Parliament and the English people prayed for triumph in order to keep the economic advantages of trade with the 13 settlements. The Americans had a touchable sense of urgency and intent to contend for triumph while England fought basically for the continued economic advantages of trade with America.The demand for political accomplishment exacerbated the job for England. Any military triumph would hold to be followed by a political colony with the rebellious settlements. Without such an understanding, the radical ardor of the settlers would non hold subsided easy. England needed both a military triumph on foreign sod and a difficult fought political understanding while the settlers had merely to contend for an English withdrawal.These advantages that the American settlements enjoyed made the undertaking of deriving independency easier. The Rebels had a distinct aim and were contending for their places every bit good as self-determination. England had the more hard undertaking of keeping a dominant yet friendly relationship with the settlements. This boggy aim did non let for widespread support at place in England and interfered with military scheme in the settlements. These advantages did non straight affect the war though. While they gave the settlers the will to contend while their English opposite numbers questioned what their ends were, they entirely did non straight weaken English forces. It was non until February of 1778 that a direct shooting was taken at English military strength in the American settlements.In order to seek retaliation for the Seven Years War and to weaken England # 8217 ; s international place of power, France allied with the Americans in their war for independency. France # 8217 ; s determination to organize the confederation was due in big portion to the Americans # 8217 ; triumph at Saratoga. Despite some early jobs between Gallic and American generals, the Franco-American confederation weighed to a great extent on the war. Not merely did it provide the Rebels with a much needed assurance encouragement, but besides it weakened England # 8217 ; s place in the colonies. France # 8217 ; s acknowledgment of America as a state should non be overlooked when seeking to decode France # 8217 ; s impact on the war. Although this act may be viewed as a mere formality of the confederation, it allowed the settlers to believe in themselves. The struggle had reached the international theater which gave the Americans increased motive to turn out themselves. In add-on, England pushed for peace instantly following the Franco-American confederation. They offered extremist grants but refused straight-out independency. This show of failing merely served to buttress the already spread outing colonial confidence.An increased American assurance was non all that the confederation caused though. Gallic entry into the war caused for the possibility of belligerencies between France and England in the Caribbean. Without significant military personnels, England could hold lost a important part of it # 8217 ; s settlements to their challengers the Gallic. This state of affairs entirely may hold been the largest factor in the displacement in power to the American settlements. George III really pondered wholly abandoning the settlements and get downing an violative in the Caribbean and so refocusing on the settlements. Although this thought was non used, it was declarative of England # 8217 ; s altering priorities.This displacement in precedences caused for a major restructuring of English scheme in the settlements. Five 1000 military personnels were ordered sent to St. Lucia, the Gallic West Indian Island. This withdrawal badly weakened the English General Clinton # 8217 ; s forces in the North. Additionally, England chose to concentrate its contending on the southern settlements of Georgia and South Carolina instead than New England so that English military personnels would be closer to the Caribbean should they be needed. This English accent on the Caribbean and the South besides caused for an English backdown out of Philadelphia. The backdown showed English failing and decreased the opportunities of English military success anyplace in the northern settlements. The English General Clinton became rather disillusioned with British opportunities of success in the settlements claiming that the withdrawals to the south badly weakened his army.The entry of France into the Revolutionary War significantly changed England # 8217 ; s military precedences. England shifted importance from stoping the American rebellion to keeping its international power over France. Although some historiographers claim that the state of affairs was such that English triumph was about impossible, it was the Gallic intercession that sealed England # 8217 ; s destiny. By coercing England to switch military personnels to the South and the Caribbean, America was able to derive assurance and triumphs against a diminished English armed forces. Although the English faced a hard undertaking in the settlements, success still remained possible if all of English might could hold been unleashed on America. Gallic intercession did non let this and therefore significantly aided in our independency.

Free Essays on What It Feels Like To Go Home

The Four of Us As I get out of my buddy Roe’s small, cramped, late model Integra, I thank him for the ride and grab my laundry bag out of his tiny trunk. My legs feel like I have weights on them, tired from the 3-hour ride home. I wave at Roe, and then walk through the front of the lobby of Silicon Valley Inn and Suites. I look out at the clean blue and gold sign on the front lawn. This is home. My parents manage a small hotel in Sunnyvale, California. As I walk through the elegantly decorated lobby towards our small apartment on the first floor, I pass the front desk and surprise my father. As my father looks up from his paperwork, I see his tired eyes open in disbelief. I feel so happy inside I almost forget to explain to him why I'm home and how I got here. He doesn’t question me, he is just happy to see me. As he walks me inside our apartment I find everything exactly how I left it. Walking towards my mother in the kitchen, I hear my father’s voice calling my mother so excitedly. His voice sounds so much more real in person than over a long distance telephone call. The first part of our apartment leads to our dining area. I can see the lines in our light blue carpet from where my mom had vacuumed just minutes ago. The chairs are pushed in exactly where they belong, on top of the carpet’s worn spots. The curtains are blue with little silver diamonds embroidered into them and match our carpet. When I think of home, the first thing I think of is our family meals in the dining area. This is where our family comes together to be close. The dining room is a favorite place for us to be even before meals since you can get a clear view of my mom preparing the meal. Since it is mid day almost lunch, the light is coming in through the kitchen window and the smell of lunch being prepared is in the air. The sharp smell of cut onions and bell peppers dominate th e room.! I stand with my father for a second as we watch my mother’... Free Essays on What It Feels Like To Go Home Free Essays on What It Feels Like To Go Home The Four of Us As I get out of my buddy Roe’s small, cramped, late model Integra, I thank him for the ride and grab my laundry bag out of his tiny trunk. My legs feel like I have weights on them, tired from the 3-hour ride home. I wave at Roe, and then walk through the front of the lobby of Silicon Valley Inn and Suites. I look out at the clean blue and gold sign on the front lawn. This is home. My parents manage a small hotel in Sunnyvale, California. As I walk through the elegantly decorated lobby towards our small apartment on the first floor, I pass the front desk and surprise my father. As my father looks up from his paperwork, I see his tired eyes open in disbelief. I feel so happy inside I almost forget to explain to him why I'm home and how I got here. He doesn’t question me, he is just happy to see me. As he walks me inside our apartment I find everything exactly how I left it. Walking towards my mother in the kitchen, I hear my father’s voice calling my mother so excitedly. His voice sounds so much more real in person than over a long distance telephone call. The first part of our apartment leads to our dining area. I can see the lines in our light blue carpet from where my mom had vacuumed just minutes ago. The chairs are pushed in exactly where they belong, on top of the carpet’s worn spots. The curtains are blue with little silver diamonds embroidered into them and match our carpet. When I think of home, the first thing I think of is our family meals in the dining area. This is where our family comes together to be close. The dining room is a favorite place for us to be even before meals since you can get a clear view of my mom preparing the meal. Since it is mid day almost lunch, the light is coming in through the kitchen window and the smell of lunch being prepared is in the air. The sharp smell of cut onions and bell peppers dominate th e room.! I stand with my father for a second as we watch my mother’...

Reaserch Proposal, outline and theoretical framework Thesis

Reaserch Proposal, outline and theoretical framework - Thesis Example With a Rs. 200 billion investment, the industry now gives a total production of 39 million tons against only 17 million tons in 2002. The cement manufacturers added 8 million tonnes to the capacity and the total production are expected to be 45 million tonnes by the end of 2010. Cement Industry entered in the export market in a big way in fiscal 2007-08. The domestic consumption too has doubled over the last few years because of buoyancy in housing sector. The biggest advantage of domestic cement industry is the availability in abundance of limestone, which is its primary raw material. Local coal may be able to replace imported coal and there is going to rise in demand, both at home and in export market. However, rising trend is expected to be short-lived due to higher interest rates and inflationary concerns are likely to make it disadvantageous for the investors to enter the construction industry. The cement industry also has challenges to face like rising fuel costs (furnace oil, coal) and political instability as a main contributing factor for pushing up production cost. Cost of utilities, labour, transportation and financial charges have also increased simultaneously. Moreover recent recession in the Financing Sector and financial crises has badly affected the projects financed by Financial Institutions and especially stretch the construction activities. This thesis intends to examine these issues and see how they will impact on the company Lucky Cement Limited. How far will Lucky Cement be able to overcome the challenges facing it as a result of the changing economic situation? Will the global economic slowdown, combined with high interest rates, inflationary concerns and political instability pose a series problem for the company? The problems facing Lucky Cement Limited are closely related to the changing economy and this thesis will attempt a financial analysis of the company in

MGMT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

MGMT - Essay Example The transition from a senior Finance student to a young professional in a reputable organization is a challenging process. The preparation process for this big change involves searching for reputable companies that have programs for absorbing fresh graduates. The search led to a chance in a reputable financial institution that is willing to hire me once I finish my final year. It also entails analyzing factors like shelter and the most suitable area in terms of cost and access to essential infrastructure. Therefore, it is necessary to prepare some little funds to help in securing shelter and food before settling in the new job. The change signifies a big career development because it is the step sets a student on a path to achieving big goals in life. The greatest personal challenge in this change is the fact that I have to meet new people and adapt to a new environment. The uncertainty associated with success makes the process hard to manage. The greatest organizational challenge is fitting into new teams and forming good relationships in the company. I am not sure of many things, which makes it difficult to prepare for the first day when I get to meet everyone. It would take time to form frigid friendships. The achievement of my goal to become an established professional can be hindered by organizational issues like the lack of facilitating factors, ambiguity, and lack of teamwork. An organization that has no framework that supports young graduates makes it difficult to get a practical sense of being a Finance professional. I will propose for the organization leadership to start programs that prepare senior students on adapting to the professional world after school. The achievement of my objective to become an established professional will be an addition to the organization. The suggestion to start programs to recruit senior students provides the organization with a chance to get the best talents. I will

To what extent do you consider that women's political activism in the Essay

To what extent do you consider that women's political activism in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was predominantly concerened with women's suffrag - Essay Example The campaign to abolish slavery, the temperance unions, the property right reform movements, marriage and divorce legislation reforms, birth control awareness movements to socialist and Marxist causes all had substantial feminine influence and presence. Women leaders emerged in various fields and they by their example dispelled the notion of women as inherently weak beings. Despite this overwhelming tide of feminist causes, suffrage or the fight by women to enfranchise themselves held a truly unique position. It was the domineering demand of the time, as is evidenced in the literature of the era. The common belief was that the right to vote would enable women to attain all the other rights. The fact that the male political institutions were reluctant to grant enfranchise to women constantly reminded them of their second class citizenship within the state. The movement brought together women from all walks of life and drew supporters that belonged to the social high class, the working middle class, the lower classes and even people from the slums. The activists conducted rallies and marches that attracted overwhelming public support and sympathy. Organizations formed by women to advocate the cause of their suffrage were formed all over the world far outnumbering any similar associations for other reform movements. Women showed a sense of global sisterhood for championing the right to enfranchisement. When women won the vote in Australia and New Zealand, their counterparts in the United States of America and the United Kingdom argued their cases as examples before their legislatures. Leaders of the movement in both the sides of the Atlantic visited each other very often and exchanged ideas. Very early on in the movement it had become evident that women winning the vote in any one country of the industrialized west would pave the way for social taboos to be broken down everywhere else. This sense of unity,

History of the Concept of Hegemony and Power

History of the Concept of Hegemony and Power The concept of hegemony is notoriously difficult to quantify both in concrete political terms and in a less tangible philosophical manner. Moreover, in a world increasingly divided upon religious as opposed to ideological lines, the concept of hegemony has suffered from a certain crisis of relevance whereby it would seem that the preponderance of resources has indeed become the central precept for the paradigm per se; whereby, furthermore, economic and cultural imperialism have united to ensure the dominance of one geo political system within the international order in the vacuum created by the dissolution of ideology and the triumph of multi national capitalism. Yet all is not quite as it seems in the modern international sphere. Current events have a distinctly repetitive feel but, at the same time, the international relations landscape is changing and re configuring its boundaries with such rapidity and vigour that definitions and sweeping statements are deemed, correctly, to be o ut of place concerning any particular sphere of international relations. Certainly, the broader subject of hegemony and inter state communication is of utmost importance in the comprehension of the new world order, though keeping track of new theories is an essentially difficult, contradictory experience, particularly at the dawn of the twenty first century. As Benno Teschke (2003:1) explains in the opening chapter of his book, The Myth of 1648, the entire subject of contemporary international relations theory is in a constant state of flux, inspired by the death of the nation state and the advent of post modernity. â€Å"The classical Westphalian system, rooted in the primacy of the modern, territorially bounded sovereign state, is being replaced by a post territorial, post modern global order. The old logic of geopolitical security is being subordinated to geo economics, multi level global governance, or the demands of a multi actor international civil society. A fundamental transformation in the structure of the international system and its rules of conflict and co operation is unfolding before our eyes.† For the purposes of the essay, it will be necessary to analyse the concept of hegemony from its origins to see how it has evolved over time and where its relevance might lie within todays post structuralist society, taking a chronological view so as to see how its conceptual meaning has altered along the way. It will likewise be necessary to examine international economic realities and histories as well as political instances of hegemony to highlight the essential duality between continuity and change – in other words, how the past might help us to better understand the present and the future, yet also how the current world order presents unique problems that were of no relevance in the past, which necessarily makes an overall academic judgement more problematic. First a definition of hegemony must be attempted. Within the context of this essay, it is extremely important to comprehend the inherently different strands of hegemony: political, military, economic and cultural. Even more noteworthy is the general interchange that is apparent between the above factors – politics merges with economics and military helps to define any given national culture, which, in turn, means that hegemony is very difficult to quantify in the essentially narrow conceptual terms of simply a preponderance of resources. It will be shown that, throughout recorded history, nations and states have used a combination of factors to control other states, all designed to increase the security of the region and underwrite the strength of the dominant geo political power. Each nation and state that has enjoyed a period of relative dominance has chosen, either through external circumstances that have been thrust upon the rulers or via a conscious, calculated ideologica l choice, to use one of the above themes of hegemony to perpetuate its power base. When a group of people takes control over the fate of another it is never via only one of the above strands – political, military, economic or cultural. Rather, there always exists a concoction of more than one of the dominant conceptual themes to achieve the sum of hegemony and though much has changed throughout the course of history, this central precept remains difficult to ignore. The key player in any discussion pertaining to hegemony and the preponderance of resources has to be the state. Certainly, as far as G. John Ikenberry (1986:53) is concerned, the interaction between any given domestic and international political economy has always been at the epicentre of international relations theory and the comprehension of the rule of empire and state elites lies in understanding the ultimate power that the state has always possessed. â€Å"As administrative and coercive organisations, states are embedded in complex political and economic environments and have a monopoly on the legitimate use of violence. Although they vary considerably, they have several elements in common. All states make exclusive claims to the coercive and juridical control of particular territories, and they also make special claims to the definition and representation of broad national interests.† In conceptual terms, hegemony is best understood as the expression of societys ruling classes over the majority of the nation or state over whom they propose to rule. Gramsci (1971:328), the interwar international relations academic and political prisoner who spent his final years behind bars in Mussolinis Italy, describes hegemony as, â€Å"a conception of the world that is implicitly manifest in art, in law, in economic activity and in all manifestations of individual and collective life.† Gramsci here describes cultural hegemony, which was of particular relevance when he was writing in the 1930s, in a world that was dominated by ideological concerns. This type of hegemony and cultural control is a constant political reality that has been a feature of culture and society since the first recorded migrations of man. Never has hegemony as an ideal simply been confined to the realms of natural resources and economic might; it has always been an intangible equation of political power expressed through the elite of any particular nation, state or empire. The much celebrated Athenians, for example, made hegemony an everyday feature of the ancient world, whereby people were defined via their status within the broader Greek political and cultural hierarchy. The Greeks underscored their cultural ideal of hegemony with language and politics, especially the concept of citizenship, which remains a key feature in the study of political and cultural hegemony today. The United States today uses its visa system, for example, to differentiate between alien visitors from within the wider plates of the hegemony that it has created. In the ancient world, Plato and Aristotle grouped the various bands of hegemony together to form what they saw as civilisation. Therefore, to be an Athenian Greek was to be a civilised member of the hegemony of the nascent nation state; to be a barbarian was to be an uncivilised member of the outposts of society, the parts where hegemony had hitherto failed to penetrate as a paradigm and as a cultural and economic force. This phenomenon has since been mirrored in the twenty first century with President Bushs with us or against us stance to global terrorism, where hegemony is once again used as the primary force in the perpetuation of the dominant military, political and economic power of the epoch. Ancient cultures used the acquisition of foreign resources to underline their superior military and cultural power, although it should be noted that the technology and logistics did not then exist to ensure the movement of goods and services across inter state borders so that the preponderance of resources could not become the only outlet of hegemony as a concept. The Middle East trade route, for instance, remained a largely autonomous cultural, political and economic region in spite of the combined power of the Greek and Roman Empires, curtailing efforts at building an Empire from the sole premise of a sound economic base. Therefore, in the ancient world, hegemony meant much more than a preponderance of resources. It implied tangible political and citizenry rights and access to a pre defined status quo that was welded by the elite members of the state and continually updated and re defined by the men and women who had access to power within the machinations of the state. Indeed, the central role of the human actors within the state system remain as relevant today as they were in the ancient world and to dismiss their relevance as secondary to the preponderance of resources would be to misinterpret the dynamics of inter state governance. Individual diplomats, ministers, parties and politics will always have a bearing on the future of both international relations as well as the concept of hegemony where economic resources are only one factor in a much larger pyramid of political and economic concerns. It thus becomes apparent that hegemony must co exist with the broader notion of empire, which is itself constructed upon the solid foundations of economic dynamism garnered through the procurement of resources. The notion of empire altered irrevocably during the dawn of modern history where industrialisation proved to be the catalyst for the significant, seismic shift in the view of hegemony as cultural, economic and political benchmark. The nineteenth century was indeed a watershed in terms of the re drawing of the conceptual parameters of hegemony. The Victorian era saw the traditional European empires of France, Belgium, Britain and Germany use their vast military and economic superiority to carve up the undeveloped world amongst each other with the procurement of raw materials and economic resources utilised as the main motivation for extra territorial action. Without doubt, it is at this juncture in world history that the preponderance of resources becomes the pre eminent factor in the power of hegemony and cultural imperialism. The Scramble for Africa, for instance, constituted a devouring of the worlds finest natural resources and raw materials; resources that were unavailable in Europe were discovered in seemingly endless abundance in Africa and the poor political and social infrastructure of the indigenous tribes meant that, militarily, it was a case of simply buying off the key local decision makers and men of influence to ensure European preponderance of locally based economic wealth. Furthermore, unlike the false promise of El Dorado that hampered the conquistadores in Latin America, the lure of previously unimaginable wealth in Africa was the determining factor behind the unprecedented and swift carving up of the African continent. The impulse for hegemony, in this instance, was therefore the possibility of individual accumulation of economic empire as well as the broader national acquisition of another nations indigenous wealth. Charles Tilly (1985:172) explains how the extraction of resources from local producers and traders in Africa was the most important development for the edification of European hegemony in the undeveloped world and for the structure of the contemporary world order today. â€Å"The quest inevitably involved them in establishing regular access to capitalists who could supply and arrange credit, and to imposing one form of regular taxation or another on the people and activities within their sphere of control.† Industrialisation was therefore the central difference between nineteenth century views of imperial hegemony and that which was witnessed in the ancient and medieval worlds. Resources became, for the first time, the main concern of empire builders. This period in world history is also important for what it implies about the motives of the European leaders and rulers who embarked upon their scramble for Africas resources. What is immediately noticeable when reading the primary sources of these explorers was the way in which they attempted to hide their true (economic) motive from view. The first British travellers to the dark continent promulgated the view that the Europeans were on a civilising mission to save the Africans from a life of pagan sin. Moreover, they said, their religious and missionary zeal would inevitably rub off on the political and economic mood of the continent so that, in effect, the Africans would wish to copy their European partners in order to better help thems elves in the long term; politically, economically and socially. To achieve this end, the Europeans thus tied the notion of political territorial acquisition to the preponderance of resources by controlling the mechanisms of the fledgling states as well as the production of raw materials and natural resources. The nineteenth century partition of the undeveloped world by the most powerful industrial states of the age thus left a legacy that is of the utmost relevance for the topic of hegemony in todays twenty first century society. As economic resources become increasingly scarce in the contemporary world, the major Western powers must find ways of securing the holding of resources while covering up the raw economic reasons for doing so. One can see, as Chomsky and Vidal attest, a certain similarity between the contemporary US symptom of national security and the war on terror and the Victorian ideal of a missionary zeal. Significantly, both propaganda spins fail to recognise that the preponderance of resources is the real reason why these states have found themselves fighting foreign wars and stationing troops so very far from their own national borders in the recent past. Of added significance was the fact that the Victorian experimentation with imperialism showed, for the first time, how a state might achieve supreme power with resources and capital based outside of the national territorial borders. Susan Strange (1988:2) sees this as the most important step in the development of true imperial hegemony in the West; the point where a modern nation has the ability to dictate key economic policy far beyond its own national, geo political borders. â€Å"The location of productive capacity is far less important than the location of the people who maker the decisions on what is to be produced, where and how, and who design, direct and manage to sell successfully on a world market.† At this point it makes sense to shift the focus of our investigation from a broader viewpoint of historical instances of hegemony to a dissection of the most important contemporary topic within the confines of the essay title. The key contemporary actor within the study, without a doubt, must be the United States, the source of the preponderance of twenty first century economic resources and the still the most potent post modern military force on the planet. As the eminent British historian, E.H. Carr (1992:292), writing on the eve of the Second World War, testified, hegemony is a by product of realism; an essentially Darwinist view of politics that suggests a discernibly detectable survival of the fittest in international affairs. The unassailable American hegemony of the post modern age is best understood within this wholly realist context. â€Å"To attempt to ignore power as a decisive factor in every political situation is purely utopian. It is scarcely less utopian to imagine an international order built on a coalition of states, each striving to defend and assert its own interests.† Since 1945 the USA has built its empire upon the twin pillars of the military and its insatiable consumer economy, even going so far as to re model the state to the tune of the desires of the political economy. The National Security Act (1947), for example, which oversaw the formation of the CIA, was the first in a long history of decrees and acts designed to ensure the longevity of the republican model and the destruction of all of its ideological enemies in the process. Gore Vidal (2004:95 96) explains the dynamic nature of American national security policy, post 1945, a policy that deemed aggression as the best form of political and economic defence. â€Å"When Japan surrendered, the United States was faced with a choice: either disarm, as we had done in the past and enjoy the prosperity that comes from releasing so much wealth and energy into the private sector, or maintain ourselves on a fully military basis, which would mean a tight control over our allies and such conquered provinces as West Germany, Italy and Japan.† It is important to understand that Washington wishes its control of the globe not to be limited to its dominance of world economic resources; rather, hegemony, as it is understood in 2005, is a varied political, economic and cultural phenomenon that wishes to export the very ethos of the United States as well as importing the wealth generated by the nations pre eminent economic position. To date, the United States has used language, technology and the military to acquire its vast array of economic resources and likewise uses its dynamic corporate ethic to underpin the strategies of the imperial national government. Therefore, to see the preponderance of resources as the only specific aim of American hegemony in the twenty first century is to miss the point entirely. As previously outlined, the American government understands the essential interplay between the various features of hegemony. Certainly, the USA has used economics as its basis for the extension of power witnessed since 1 945 but the ideology of the most awesome capitalist country on the planet has been held in place via the spread of its symbolic features to every corner of the globe (except, of course, for large swathes of the Middle East, which is a source of much of the antagonism between the two diametrically opposed sections of the new global economy). Various international relations commentators have noted the way in which imperial America uses brand names such as MacDonalds and Nike to increase the economic and cultural hegemony of the US Empire, leaving fast food restaurants and designer clothes chains as castles by proxy. As Chomsky (2003:13) succinctly puts it: â€Å"The goal of the imperial grand strategy is to prevent any challenge to the power, position and prestige of the United States.† Theories have abounded concerning the so called decline of American hegemony, largely circulating since the oil crisis in the 1970s, which first highlighted the fragility of the preponderance of key natural resources in the post modern world. Susan Strange disagrees fundamentally with international relations commentators such as Nye, who see Americas decline as an inevitable by product of the notion of both hegemony and Empire, essentially dictating that from Rome to Byzantium to Britain any attempt to secure global pre eminence must end in the destruction of that political and economic model. She argues that the USA is a unique case that shows no signs of the fragmentation that beset its historical precedents. Essentially, this means that US notions of hegemony are not solely tied to economic factors pertaining to the preponderance of resources; its survival and indeed growth rests upon the fact that the USA ideal of hegemony is far more flexible than many critics give it credit f or. As Cox (2005:21) underscores, the issue of American hegemony entails far more than a swelling of the national treasury at the expense of extra territorial economic resources. â€Å"One of the more obvious objections to the idea of a specific American empire is that, unlike the real empires in the past, the United States has not acquired, and does not seek to acquire the territory of others. This in turn has been allied to another obvious objection: that the United States has often championed the cause of political freedom in the world. How then can one talk of empire when one of the United States obvious impulses abroad has been to advance the cause of national democracy and self determination?† The issue of hegemony in contemporary times is further hampered by the ambiguity and uncertainty that surrounds the ultra contentious geo political and economic topic of globalisation. Not only have scholars found globalisation extremely difficult to define but it also poses unique problems of conceptual bracketing. It is supposedly an economic question (intrinsically tied to the preponderance of resources) yet in practice, globalisation appears to be little more than an extension of American political hegemony, namely the spread of democracy to every reach of the globe as the initial platform on which to launch a visionary global hegemony. Whereas the nineteenth century European empires formulated the concept of the preponderance of natural resources as the most vital step on the way to the establishment of their brand of hegemony, the Americans in the twenty first century have used technology, particularly their corporate dominance of new media and the Internet to strengthen their dominant position in the world economy. Globalisation therefore is tantamount to Westernisation, which is itself a direct descendent of Americanisation. According to Sinclair et al (2004:297), â€Å"world patterns of communication flow, both in density and direction, mirror the system of domination in the economic and political order,† and in this way it can be shown how US hegemony is built upon sterner raw materials than the mere preponderance of economic resources. Indeed, logic dictates that if the USAs global hegemony was only standing upon the prevalence of resources, then its position would be nothing like as contentious as it is in the broader world order, constituting the front line of the new global disorder, as Robert Harvey describes it. Indeed, Harvey (2003:455) already views the concept of global hegemony as outdated, requiring five separate but interconnecting strands of economic and politic pro action to keep the status quo alive in the future. â€Å"These then are the five great areas of change necessary to avoid a state of global political economic anarchy: the establishment of superpower policing to combat terrorism and to prevent conflicts breaking out all over the world, through an efficient system of regional alliances and deterrents, backed up by the threat of major superpower intervention; the widening and deepening of global democracy; the regulation of the global economy through co operation between the three economic super states of the next few decades – America, Europe and Japan – in co operation with regional groupings of the rest of the world; a gigantic government primed stimulus for demand and development in the three quarters of the developing world untouched by globalisation; and reform from within of the capitalist corporation.† Conclusion The analysis of hegemony and power bases throughout history shows that the prevalence of resources is but one factor in a multi faceted chain of command that requires a strong military and political infrastructure as well as a flourishing economic base to prevail. The upsurge in interest that the topic of hegemony has generated in recent years has been due to the power of the worlds one remaining superpower alone. Hegemony has become synonymous with Americas quest for global dominance and various commentators have cited the contemporary â€Å"war on terror† as nothing but a smokescreen for the increasing garnering of resources, particularly oil in the Middle East. Indeed, Vidal (2004:7) compares the â€Å"war on terror† to a â€Å"war on dandruff†; such is his confusion over what the notion actually means. There is no doubt that it is this perceived neo imperialism that is at the heart of the current negativity surrounding the concept of hegemony and its continued association with solely (Western) economic motives. However, it should be noted that a significant change in the global order is currently under way, one in which the Americans will have to broker what Strange (1988:17) refers to as a series of â€Å"New Deals† with autonomous international states in order to remain a leading economic force. The advent of China, in particular, as the twenty first centurys most potent consumer and industrial society will undoubtedly challenge the very ideal of American and Western hegemony and will necessarily require a re drafting of the USAs preponderance of resources. Hegemony must, in effect, adapt to a discernible duality and spirit of inter state co operation that the concept has not known in the past. The concept of hegemony therefore has value far beyond the preponderance of res ources as the evolving concept of globalisation is in the process of emphasising. As globalisation begins to take hold as an economic, cultural and political reality, the effects of hegemony will be felt in all areas of the world that wish to be part of the dissolution of the concept of the nation state and the embracement of a new political and economic world order. History of the Concept of Hegemony and Power History of the Concept of Hegemony and Power The concept of hegemony is notoriously difficult to quantify both in concrete political terms and in a less tangible philosophical manner. Moreover, in a world increasingly divided upon religious as opposed to ideological lines, the concept of hegemony has suffered from a certain crisis of relevance whereby it would seem that the preponderance of resources has indeed become the central precept for the paradigm per se; whereby, furthermore, economic and cultural imperialism have united to ensure the dominance of one geo political system within the international order in the vacuum created by the dissolution of ideology and the triumph of multi national capitalism. Yet all is not quite as it seems in the modern international sphere. Current events have a distinctly repetitive feel but, at the same time, the international relations landscape is changing and re configuring its boundaries with such rapidity and vigour that definitions and sweeping statements are deemed, correctly, to be o ut of place concerning any particular sphere of international relations. Certainly, the broader subject of hegemony and inter state communication is of utmost importance in the comprehension of the new world order, though keeping track of new theories is an essentially difficult, contradictory experience, particularly at the dawn of the twenty first century. As Benno Teschke (2003:1) explains in the opening chapter of his book, The Myth of 1648, the entire subject of contemporary international relations theory is in a constant state of flux, inspired by the death of the nation state and the advent of post modernity. â€Å"The classical Westphalian system, rooted in the primacy of the modern, territorially bounded sovereign state, is being replaced by a post territorial, post modern global order. The old logic of geopolitical security is being subordinated to geo economics, multi level global governance, or the demands of a multi actor international civil society. A fundamental transformation in the structure of the international system and its rules of conflict and co operation is unfolding before our eyes.† For the purposes of the essay, it will be necessary to analyse the concept of hegemony from its origins to see how it has evolved over time and where its relevance might lie within todays post structuralist society, taking a chronological view so as to see how its conceptual meaning has altered along the way. It will likewise be necessary to examine international economic realities and histories as well as political instances of hegemony to highlight the essential duality between continuity and change – in other words, how the past might help us to better understand the present and the future, yet also how the current world order presents unique problems that were of no relevance in the past, which necessarily makes an overall academic judgement more problematic. First a definition of hegemony must be attempted. Within the context of this essay, it is extremely important to comprehend the inherently different strands of hegemony: political, military, economic and cultural. Even more noteworthy is the general interchange that is apparent between the above factors – politics merges with economics and military helps to define any given national culture, which, in turn, means that hegemony is very difficult to quantify in the essentially narrow conceptual terms of simply a preponderance of resources. It will be shown that, throughout recorded history, nations and states have used a combination of factors to control other states, all designed to increase the security of the region and underwrite the strength of the dominant geo political power. Each nation and state that has enjoyed a period of relative dominance has chosen, either through external circumstances that have been thrust upon the rulers or via a conscious, calculated ideologica l choice, to use one of the above themes of hegemony to perpetuate its power base. When a group of people takes control over the fate of another it is never via only one of the above strands – political, military, economic or cultural. Rather, there always exists a concoction of more than one of the dominant conceptual themes to achieve the sum of hegemony and though much has changed throughout the course of history, this central precept remains difficult to ignore. The key player in any discussion pertaining to hegemony and the preponderance of resources has to be the state. Certainly, as far as G. John Ikenberry (1986:53) is concerned, the interaction between any given domestic and international political economy has always been at the epicentre of international relations theory and the comprehension of the rule of empire and state elites lies in understanding the ultimate power that the state has always possessed. â€Å"As administrative and coercive organisations, states are embedded in complex political and economic environments and have a monopoly on the legitimate use of violence. Although they vary considerably, they have several elements in common. All states make exclusive claims to the coercive and juridical control of particular territories, and they also make special claims to the definition and representation of broad national interests.† In conceptual terms, hegemony is best understood as the expression of societys ruling classes over the majority of the nation or state over whom they propose to rule. Gramsci (1971:328), the interwar international relations academic and political prisoner who spent his final years behind bars in Mussolinis Italy, describes hegemony as, â€Å"a conception of the world that is implicitly manifest in art, in law, in economic activity and in all manifestations of individual and collective life.† Gramsci here describes cultural hegemony, which was of particular relevance when he was writing in the 1930s, in a world that was dominated by ideological concerns. This type of hegemony and cultural control is a constant political reality that has been a feature of culture and society since the first recorded migrations of man. Never has hegemony as an ideal simply been confined to the realms of natural resources and economic might; it has always been an intangible equation of political power expressed through the elite of any particular nation, state or empire. The much celebrated Athenians, for example, made hegemony an everyday feature of the ancient world, whereby people were defined via their status within the broader Greek political and cultural hierarchy. The Greeks underscored their cultural ideal of hegemony with language and politics, especially the concept of citizenship, which remains a key feature in the study of political and cultural hegemony today. The United States today uses its visa system, for example, to differentiate between alien visitors from within the wider plates of the hegemony that it has created. In the ancient world, Plato and Aristotle grouped the various bands of hegemony together to form what they saw as civilisation. Therefore, to be an Athenian Greek was to be a civilised member of the hegemony of the nascent nation state; to be a barbarian was to be an uncivilised member of the outposts of society, the parts where hegemony had hitherto failed to penetrate as a paradigm and as a cultural and economic force. This phenomenon has since been mirrored in the twenty first century with President Bushs with us or against us stance to global terrorism, where hegemony is once again used as the primary force in the perpetuation of the dominant military, political and economic power of the epoch. Ancient cultures used the acquisition of foreign resources to underline their superior military and cultural power, although it should be noted that the technology and logistics did not then exist to ensure the movement of goods and services across inter state borders so that the preponderance of resources could not become the only outlet of hegemony as a concept. The Middle East trade route, for instance, remained a largely autonomous cultural, political and economic region in spite of the combined power of the Greek and Roman Empires, curtailing efforts at building an Empire from the sole premise of a sound economic base. Therefore, in the ancient world, hegemony meant much more than a preponderance of resources. It implied tangible political and citizenry rights and access to a pre defined status quo that was welded by the elite members of the state and continually updated and re defined by the men and women who had access to power within the machinations of the state. Indeed, the central role of the human actors within the state system remain as relevant today as they were in the ancient world and to dismiss their relevance as secondary to the preponderance of resources would be to misinterpret the dynamics of inter state governance. Individual diplomats, ministers, parties and politics will always have a bearing on the future of both international relations as well as the concept of hegemony where economic resources are only one factor in a much larger pyramid of political and economic concerns. It thus becomes apparent that hegemony must co exist with the broader notion of empire, which is itself constructed upon the solid foundations of economic dynamism garnered through the procurement of resources. The notion of empire altered irrevocably during the dawn of modern history where industrialisation proved to be the catalyst for the significant, seismic shift in the view of hegemony as cultural, economic and political benchmark. The nineteenth century was indeed a watershed in terms of the re drawing of the conceptual parameters of hegemony. The Victorian era saw the traditional European empires of France, Belgium, Britain and Germany use their vast military and economic superiority to carve up the undeveloped world amongst each other with the procurement of raw materials and economic resources utilised as the main motivation for extra territorial action. Without doubt, it is at this juncture in world history that the preponderance of resources becomes the pre eminent factor in the power of hegemony and cultural imperialism. The Scramble for Africa, for instance, constituted a devouring of the worlds finest natural resources and raw materials; resources that were unavailable in Europe were discovered in seemingly endless abundance in Africa and the poor political and social infrastructure of the indigenous tribes meant that, militarily, it was a case of simply buying off the key local decision makers and men of influence to ensure European preponderance of locally based economic wealth. Furthermore, unlike the false promise of El Dorado that hampered the conquistadores in Latin America, the lure of previously unimaginable wealth in Africa was the determining factor behind the unprecedented and swift carving up of the African continent. The impulse for hegemony, in this instance, was therefore the possibility of individual accumulation of economic empire as well as the broader national acquisition of another nations indigenous wealth. Charles Tilly (1985:172) explains how the extraction of resources from local producers and traders in Africa was the most important development for the edification of European hegemony in the undeveloped world and for the structure of the contemporary world order today. â€Å"The quest inevitably involved them in establishing regular access to capitalists who could supply and arrange credit, and to imposing one form of regular taxation or another on the people and activities within their sphere of control.† Industrialisation was therefore the central difference between nineteenth century views of imperial hegemony and that which was witnessed in the ancient and medieval worlds. Resources became, for the first time, the main concern of empire builders. This period in world history is also important for what it implies about the motives of the European leaders and rulers who embarked upon their scramble for Africas resources. What is immediately noticeable when reading the primary sources of these explorers was the way in which they attempted to hide their true (economic) motive from view. The first British travellers to the dark continent promulgated the view that the Europeans were on a civilising mission to save the Africans from a life of pagan sin. Moreover, they said, their religious and missionary zeal would inevitably rub off on the political and economic mood of the continent so that, in effect, the Africans would wish to copy their European partners in order to better help thems elves in the long term; politically, economically and socially. To achieve this end, the Europeans thus tied the notion of political territorial acquisition to the preponderance of resources by controlling the mechanisms of the fledgling states as well as the production of raw materials and natural resources. The nineteenth century partition of the undeveloped world by the most powerful industrial states of the age thus left a legacy that is of the utmost relevance for the topic of hegemony in todays twenty first century society. As economic resources become increasingly scarce in the contemporary world, the major Western powers must find ways of securing the holding of resources while covering up the raw economic reasons for doing so. One can see, as Chomsky and Vidal attest, a certain similarity between the contemporary US symptom of national security and the war on terror and the Victorian ideal of a missionary zeal. Significantly, both propaganda spins fail to recognise that the preponderance of resources is the real reason why these states have found themselves fighting foreign wars and stationing troops so very far from their own national borders in the recent past. Of added significance was the fact that the Victorian experimentation with imperialism showed, for the first time, how a state might achieve supreme power with resources and capital based outside of the national territorial borders. Susan Strange (1988:2) sees this as the most important step in the development of true imperial hegemony in the West; the point where a modern nation has the ability to dictate key economic policy far beyond its own national, geo political borders. â€Å"The location of productive capacity is far less important than the location of the people who maker the decisions on what is to be produced, where and how, and who design, direct and manage to sell successfully on a world market.† At this point it makes sense to shift the focus of our investigation from a broader viewpoint of historical instances of hegemony to a dissection of the most important contemporary topic within the confines of the essay title. The key contemporary actor within the study, without a doubt, must be the United States, the source of the preponderance of twenty first century economic resources and the still the most potent post modern military force on the planet. As the eminent British historian, E.H. Carr (1992:292), writing on the eve of the Second World War, testified, hegemony is a by product of realism; an essentially Darwinist view of politics that suggests a discernibly detectable survival of the fittest in international affairs. The unassailable American hegemony of the post modern age is best understood within this wholly realist context. â€Å"To attempt to ignore power as a decisive factor in every political situation is purely utopian. It is scarcely less utopian to imagine an international order built on a coalition of states, each striving to defend and assert its own interests.† Since 1945 the USA has built its empire upon the twin pillars of the military and its insatiable consumer economy, even going so far as to re model the state to the tune of the desires of the political economy. The National Security Act (1947), for example, which oversaw the formation of the CIA, was the first in a long history of decrees and acts designed to ensure the longevity of the republican model and the destruction of all of its ideological enemies in the process. Gore Vidal (2004:95 96) explains the dynamic nature of American national security policy, post 1945, a policy that deemed aggression as the best form of political and economic defence. â€Å"When Japan surrendered, the United States was faced with a choice: either disarm, as we had done in the past and enjoy the prosperity that comes from releasing so much wealth and energy into the private sector, or maintain ourselves on a fully military basis, which would mean a tight control over our allies and such conquered provinces as West Germany, Italy and Japan.† It is important to understand that Washington wishes its control of the globe not to be limited to its dominance of world economic resources; rather, hegemony, as it is understood in 2005, is a varied political, economic and cultural phenomenon that wishes to export the very ethos of the United States as well as importing the wealth generated by the nations pre eminent economic position. To date, the United States has used language, technology and the military to acquire its vast array of economic resources and likewise uses its dynamic corporate ethic to underpin the strategies of the imperial national government. Therefore, to see the preponderance of resources as the only specific aim of American hegemony in the twenty first century is to miss the point entirely. As previously outlined, the American government understands the essential interplay between the various features of hegemony. Certainly, the USA has used economics as its basis for the extension of power witnessed since 1 945 but the ideology of the most awesome capitalist country on the planet has been held in place via the spread of its symbolic features to every corner of the globe (except, of course, for large swathes of the Middle East, which is a source of much of the antagonism between the two diametrically opposed sections of the new global economy). Various international relations commentators have noted the way in which imperial America uses brand names such as MacDonalds and Nike to increase the economic and cultural hegemony of the US Empire, leaving fast food restaurants and designer clothes chains as castles by proxy. As Chomsky (2003:13) succinctly puts it: â€Å"The goal of the imperial grand strategy is to prevent any challenge to the power, position and prestige of the United States.† Theories have abounded concerning the so called decline of American hegemony, largely circulating since the oil crisis in the 1970s, which first highlighted the fragility of the preponderance of key natural resources in the post modern world. Susan Strange disagrees fundamentally with international relations commentators such as Nye, who see Americas decline as an inevitable by product of the notion of both hegemony and Empire, essentially dictating that from Rome to Byzantium to Britain any attempt to secure global pre eminence must end in the destruction of that political and economic model. She argues that the USA is a unique case that shows no signs of the fragmentation that beset its historical precedents. Essentially, this means that US notions of hegemony are not solely tied to economic factors pertaining to the preponderance of resources; its survival and indeed growth rests upon the fact that the USA ideal of hegemony is far more flexible than many critics give it credit f or. As Cox (2005:21) underscores, the issue of American hegemony entails far more than a swelling of the national treasury at the expense of extra territorial economic resources. â€Å"One of the more obvious objections to the idea of a specific American empire is that, unlike the real empires in the past, the United States has not acquired, and does not seek to acquire the territory of others. This in turn has been allied to another obvious objection: that the United States has often championed the cause of political freedom in the world. How then can one talk of empire when one of the United States obvious impulses abroad has been to advance the cause of national democracy and self determination?† The issue of hegemony in contemporary times is further hampered by the ambiguity and uncertainty that surrounds the ultra contentious geo political and economic topic of globalisation. Not only have scholars found globalisation extremely difficult to define but it also poses unique problems of conceptual bracketing. It is supposedly an economic question (intrinsically tied to the preponderance of resources) yet in practice, globalisation appears to be little more than an extension of American political hegemony, namely the spread of democracy to every reach of the globe as the initial platform on which to launch a visionary global hegemony. Whereas the nineteenth century European empires formulated the concept of the preponderance of natural resources as the most vital step on the way to the establishment of their brand of hegemony, the Americans in the twenty first century have used technology, particularly their corporate dominance of new media and the Internet to strengthen their dominant position in the world economy. Globalisation therefore is tantamount to Westernisation, which is itself a direct descendent of Americanisation. According to Sinclair et al (2004:297), â€Å"world patterns of communication flow, both in density and direction, mirror the system of domination in the economic and political order,† and in this way it can be shown how US hegemony is built upon sterner raw materials than the mere preponderance of economic resources. Indeed, logic dictates that if the USAs global hegemony was only standing upon the prevalence of resources, then its position would be nothing like as contentious as it is in the broader world order, constituting the front line of the new global disorder, as Robert Harvey describes it. Indeed, Harvey (2003:455) already views the concept of global hegemony as outdated, requiring five separate but interconnecting strands of economic and politic pro action to keep the status quo alive in the future. â€Å"These then are the five great areas of change necessary to avoid a state of global political economic anarchy: the establishment of superpower policing to combat terrorism and to prevent conflicts breaking out all over the world, through an efficient system of regional alliances and deterrents, backed up by the threat of major superpower intervention; the widening and deepening of global democracy; the regulation of the global economy through co operation between the three economic super states of the next few decades – America, Europe and Japan – in co operation with regional groupings of the rest of the world; a gigantic government primed stimulus for demand and development in the three quarters of the developing world untouched by globalisation; and reform from within of the capitalist corporation.† Conclusion The analysis of hegemony and power bases throughout history shows that the prevalence of resources is but one factor in a multi faceted chain of command that requires a strong military and political infrastructure as well as a flourishing economic base to prevail. The upsurge in interest that the topic of hegemony has generated in recent years has been due to the power of the worlds one remaining superpower alone. Hegemony has become synonymous with Americas quest for global dominance and various commentators have cited the contemporary â€Å"war on terror† as nothing but a smokescreen for the increasing garnering of resources, particularly oil in the Middle East. Indeed, Vidal (2004:7) compares the â€Å"war on terror† to a â€Å"war on dandruff†; such is his confusion over what the notion actually means. There is no doubt that it is this perceived neo imperialism that is at the heart of the current negativity surrounding the concept of hegemony and its continued association with solely (Western) economic motives. However, it should be noted that a significant change in the global order is currently under way, one in which the Americans will have to broker what Strange (1988:17) refers to as a series of â€Å"New Deals† with autonomous international states in order to remain a leading economic force. The advent of China, in particular, as the twenty first centurys most potent consumer and industrial society will undoubtedly challenge the very ideal of American and Western hegemony and will necessarily require a re drafting of the USAs preponderance of resources. Hegemony must, in effect, adapt to a discernible duality and spirit of inter state co operation that the concept has not known in the past. The concept of hegemony therefore has value far beyond the preponderance of res ources as the evolving concept of globalisation is in the process of emphasising. As globalisation begins to take hold as an economic, cultural and political reality, the effects of hegemony will be felt in all areas of the world that wish to be part of the dissolution of the concept of the nation state and the embracement of a new political and economic world order.